The Number

একাদশ- দ্বাদশ শ্রেণি - English English Grammar & Composition | - | NCTB BOOK
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Number শব্দটি দ্বারা কোনো কিছুর সংখ্যাকে বুঝানো হয়। আর Grammar-এর ভাষায়, যে কোনো ব্যক্তি, বস্তু বা প্রাণীর সংখ্যাকে Number বলে। Number প্রধানত দুই প্রকার : (1) Singular Number এবং (2) Plural Number। 

Singular number-কে plural number-এ পরিণত করার জন্য কিছু সুনির্দিষ্ট নিয়ম রয়েছে। তবে সাধারণত কিছু word আছে যেগুলোর শেষে শুধু 's' যোগ করে plural করা যায়। যেমন— Book-books, Pen-pens, Boy boys, Cat-cats, Dog-dogs ইত্যাদি । 

1. যেসব Word-এর শেষে s, ss, sh, ch, x, z রয়েছে, তাদের শেষে 'es' যোগ করে plural করা যায়। তবে ch-এর উচ্চারণ যদি 'ক'-এর মতো হয়, তাহলে তার শেষে শুধু 's' যোগ করে plural করতে হয়। যেমন - Bus buses, Assasses, Dish dishes, Branch branches, Stomach (স্টমাক) stomachs, Monarch (মনাক) – monarchs, Fox foxes, Fez-fezes ইত্যাদি।

2. Singular noun-এর শেষে f বা fe থাকলে plural করার সময় f বা fe -এর পরিবর্তে ves যোগ করে plural করতে হয়। যেমন—

Singular        Plural
Calf-বাছুর   Calves
Half- অর্ধেক Halves
Thief- চোরThieves

3. কিন্তু Noun এর শেষে if it eel of fযাগ করে plural করতে হয়। 

SingularPlural
Gull- উপসাগরGulfs
BeliefBeliefs

4. যেসব word-এর শেষে থাকে এবং o-এর পূর্বে একটি consonant থাকে, সে সকল word- এর শেষে es যোগ করে plural করা হয় আর -এর পূর্বে vowel থাকলে শুধু s যোগ করে plural করতে হয়।যেমন -Mango-mangoes, Zero-zeroes, Hero-heroes ইত্যাদি।

5.  তবে, কিছু Noun-এর শেষে -এবং o-এর পূর্বে একটি consonant থাকলেও শুধু s যোগ করে plural করতে হয়। যেমন— Singular

SingularPlural
CantoCantos
Piano Pianos
DynamoDynamos

6.যেসব Singular noun-এর শেষে y এবং y-এর পূর্বে consonant রয়েছে, সেসব ক্ষেত্রে y-এর পরিবর্তে । এবং শেষে es যোগ করে plural করতে হয়। যেমন-Army - Armies, Country - Countries 

7.কিন্তু y এর পূর্বে Consonant না থেকে যদি vowel থাকে, তাহলে শুধু যোগ করে plural করতে হয়। যেমন— Toy -Toys, Monkey - Monkeys

8.কতগুলো noun-এর মাঝের vowel পরিবর্তন করে plural করতে হয়। যেমন—Foot - Feet,Tooth - Teeth,Woman – Women

9.আবার, কিছু word-এর মাঝের consonant এবং vowel পরিবর্তন করে singular থেকে plural করা হয়। যেমন— Louse (উকুন)-lice, Mouse mice, অপারে Dormouse (ইঁদুর বা কাটবিড়ালির মতো এক প্রকার ছোট প্রাণী)- dormice ইত্যাদি।

10.কিছু Noun-এর শেষে en, ren, ne যোগ করে plural করতে হয়। যেমন— Brother-brethren (brothers), Child-children, Ox-oxen, Cow-kine (cows).

11.Singular number এর শেষে (um থাকলে plural করার সময় um-এর পরিবর্তে বসবে। কখনো কখনো Singular number এর সঙ্গে ও যোগ করে plural করা হয় । তবে প্রশ্নপত্রে দুটিই থাকলে প্রথমটি গ্রহণ করতে হবে। যেমন—
 

 Singular Plural
AddendumAddenda
AgendumAgenda
AquariumAquaria/Aquariums
DatumData
CurriculumCurricula

12.Singular number-এর শেষে is থাকলে plural করার সময় is এর পরিবর্তে es আসবে। যেমন—Analysis (বিশ্লেষণ)-Analyses, Axis (অক্ষ)-Axes.

13.Singular-এর শেষে us থাকলে plural করার সময় us এর স্থলে i হবে অথবা us এর পর es করতে হবে।যেমন-Alumnus-Alumni,Focus-Foci/Focuses,Genius-Genii.

14.Singular number এর শেষে a থাকলে এর সাথে s অথবা e অথবা ta যোগ করে plural করতে হয়।যেমন-Alumna-Alumnae, Dogma-Dogmas.

15. কিছু Noun শব্দ রয়েছে যেগুলো সর্বদাই Singular হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়, যেমন— advice, alphabet, bread, furniture, information, knowledge, poetry, Scenery ইত্যাদি।

16. Aircraft, brace, barracks, cops, dice, deer, dozen, gallows, grouse, headquarters, horsepower, hundred, innings, means, menes, offspring ineries, score, intone, salmon, species, sheep, swine, thousand, million billion, trillion, works (factory) ইত্যাদি শব্দের singular plural from একই। তবে dozen, hundred, score, thousand এর পূর্বে some, many থাকলে অথবা এদের পরে of থাকলে s যুক্ত হয়ে plural হয়ে থাকে। যেমন— Some dozens, many dozens কিন্তু এদের plural + of দ্বারা অনেক পরিমাণ বোঝায়। যেমন— hundreds of times (শত শত বার), thousands of people (হাজার হাজার লোক) ইত্যাদি ।

17. Ethics, mathematics, news, physics, politics noun গুলো দেখতে plural হলেও এগুলো singular হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়।

18.কতগুলো Compound Noun-এর প্রধান অংশের সাথে 's' যোগ করে plural করতে হয়। যেমন—

SingularPlural
Brother-in-lawBrothers-in-law
Court-martialCourt-martials
Step-brotherStep-brothers

19.সংখ্যা, প্রতীক বা বর্ণের শেষে apostrophe ('s) যোগ করে plural number-এ রূপান্তর করা যায়। যেমন— B.A's, i's ইত্যাদি।

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        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
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        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
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        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
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        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:122
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:121
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:60
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        Bindings
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:121
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        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:137
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:136
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:61
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        Bindings
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:136
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:61
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        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:140
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:136
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:61
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        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:325
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:76
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/SubjectController.php:105
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:44
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        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:340
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:77
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/SubjectController.php:105
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:44
      • SubjectService.php#82satt_satt_mobile_app190μsselect `id`, `name`, `main_category_id`, `slug` from `subjects` where `id` <> 15015 and `parent_id` = 14997 and `main_category_id` = 3 and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null limit 5
        Bindings
        • 0: 15015
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        Backtrace
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:82
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/SubjectController.php:105
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:44
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:266
      • restrict.blade.php#30satt_satt_mobile_app230μsselect * from `package_plans` where `status` = 'active' and `package_plans`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
        • 0: active
        Backtrace
        • view::includes.restrict:30
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:75
      App\Models\Subject
      20Subject.php#?
      App\Models\Question
      5Question.php#?
      App\Models\QuestionOption
      5QuestionOption.php#?
      App\Models\SubjectDescription
      3SubjectDescription.php#?
      App\Models\PackagePlan
      3PackagePlan.php#?
      App\Models\User
      2User.php#?
      App\Models\SubCategory
      1SubCategory.php#?
      App\Models\Complete
      1Complete.php#?
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